COURSE OUTLINE FOR BUSINESS CALCULATIONS AND STATISTICS.

1. Number Operations

Whole numbers, fractions, decimals

Rounding off and approximation

BODMAS rule

2. Percentages, Ratios, and Proportions

Percentage increase/decrease

Ratios in business

Proportional distribution and applications

3. Profit, Loss, and Discounts

Mark-up and margin

Single and successive discounts

Break-even analysis basics

4. Interest and Depreciation

Simple and compound interest

Present and future value

Depreciation (straight line and reducing balance)

5. Hire Purchase and Credit Sales

Components and calculation of hire purchase cost

Instalments, deposits, and balances

6. Wages and Salaries

Time and piece rates

Commissions, bonuses, and allowances

Statutory deductions (NSSF, NHIF, PAYE)

7. Currency and Exchange Rates

Conversion between currencies

Buying and selling rates

Exchange rate gain/loss

8. Measurements and Conversions

Area, volume, length, mass

Metric conversions and business applications

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PART B: Business Statistics

1. Introduction to Statistics

Meaning and importance of statistics

Types: descriptive and inferential

2. Data Collection and Presentation

Primary vs. secondary data

Frequency tables

Data presentation: bar charts, pie charts, line graphs, histograms

3. Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, median, mode

Calculation using raw and grouped data

4. Measures of Dispersion

Range, variance, standard deviation

Quartiles, percentiles, interquartile range

5. Index Numbers

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Price and quantity index

Construction and interpretation

6. Time Series Analysis

Components of time series: trend, seasonal, cyclical, irregular

Moving averages and trend analysis

7. Probability

Basic concepts and rules

Simple probability calculations

Applications in decision making

8. Correlation and Regression

Scatter diagrams

Pearson’s correlation coefficient

Simple linear regression

1. Introduction to Commerce

Definition, nature, and scope

Branches of commerce: trade and aids to trade

Importance of commerce in the economy

2. Trade

Home trade: retail and wholesale

International trade: import, export, and entrepôt trade

Documents used in trade (invoices, delivery notes, etc.)

Terms of trade

3. Aids to Trade

Banking: types of accounts, services offered

Insurance: principles and types

Transport: modes (road, rail, air, sea, pipeline)

Communication: postal and electronic

Warehousing: types and importance

Advertising and marketing

4. Business Units

Sole proprietorship, partnership, limited companies

Public corporations and co-operatives

Formation, merits, and demerits of each

Franchising and joint ventures

5. Office Organization

Types and functions of an office

Office equipment and automation

Centralization and decentralization

6. Channels of Distribution

Meaning and types (direct, indirect)

Role of wholesalers and retailers

Factors influencing choice of distribution channels

7. Money and Banking

Definition and functions of money

Types and characteristics of money

Role of commercial banks and central banks

8. Consumer Protection

Rights and responsibilities of consumers

Government and non-government protection agencies

Consumer-related laws and regulations

9. E-Commerce and Modern Trends

Definition and types of e-commerce

Benefits and challenges of digital commerce

Use of ICT in commerce (mobile money, online marketing)

10. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Meaning and importance

Ethical issues1. Introduction to Commerce

Definition, nature, and scope

Branches of commerce: trade and aids to trade

Importance of commerce in the economy

2. Trade

Home trade: retail and wholesale

International trade: import, export, and entrepôt trade

Documents used in trade (invoices, delivery notes, etc.)

Terms of trade

3. Aids to Trade

Banking: types of accounts, services offered

Insurance: principles and types

Transport: modes (road, rail, air, sea, pipeline)

Communication: postal and electronic

Warehousing: types and importance

Advertising and marketing

4. Business Units

Sole proprietorship, partnership, limited companies

Public corporations and co-operatives

Formation, merits, and demerits of each

Franchising and joint ventures

5. Office Organization

Types and functions of an office

Office equipment and automation

Centralization and decentralization

6. Channels of Distribution

Meaning and types (direct, indirect)

Role of wholesalers and retailers

Factors influencing choice of distribution channels

7. Money and Banking

Definition and functions of money

Types and characteristics of money

Role of commercial banks and central banks

8. Consumer Protection

Rights and responsibilities of consumers

Government and non-government protection agencies

Consumer-related laws and regulations

9. E-Commerce and Modern Trends

Definition and types of e-commerce

Benefits and challenges of digital commerce

Use of ICT in commerce (mobile money, online marketing)

10. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Meaning and importance

Ethical issues in business (fair trade, sustainability)

Social responsibilities of business to stakeholders in business (fair trade, sustainability)

Social responsibilities of business to stakeholders

1. Introduction to ICT

DefinitIntroduction to Commerce

Definition, nature, and scope

Branches of commerce: trade and aids to trade

Importance of commerce in the economy

2. Trade

Home trade: retail and wholesale

International trade: import, export, and entrepôt trade

Documents used in trade (invoices, delivery notes, etc.)

Terms of trade

3. Aids to Trade

Banking: types of accounts, services offered

Insurance: principles and types

Transport: modes (road, rail, air, sea, pipeline)

Communication: postal and electronic

Warehousing: types and importance

Advertising and marketing

4. Business Units

Sole proprietorship, partnership, limited companies

Public corporations and co-operatives

Formation, merits, and demerits of each

Franchising and joint ventures

5. Office Organization

Types and functions of an office

Office equipment and automation

Centralization and decentralization

6. Channels of Distribution

Meaning and types (direct, indirect)

Role of wholesalers and retailers

Factors influencing choice of distribution channels

7. Money and Banking

Definition and functions of money

Types and characteristics of money

Role of commercial banks and central banks

8. Consumer Protection

Rights and responsibilities of consumers

Government and non-government protection agencies

Consumer-related laws and regulations

9. E-Commerce and Modern Trends

Definition and types of e-commerce

Benefits and challenges of digital commerce

Use of ICT in commerce (mobile money, online marketing)

10. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Meaning and importance

Ethical issues1. Introduction to Commerce

Definition, nature, and scope

Branches of commerce: trade and aids to trade

Importance of commerce in the economy

2. Trade

Home trade: retail and wholesale

International trade: import, export, and entrepôt trade

Documents used in trade (invoices, delivery notes, etc.)

Terms of trade

3. Aids to Trade

Banking: types of accounts, services offered

Insurance: principles and types

Transport: modes (road, rail, air, sea, pipeline)

Communication: postal and electronic

Warehousing: types and importance

Advertising and marketing

4. Business Units

Sole proprietorship, partnership, limited companies

Public corporations and co-operatives

Formation, merits, and demerits of each

Franchising and joint ventures

5. Office Organization

Types and functions of an office

Office equipment and automation

Centralization and decentralization

6. Channels of Distribution

Meaning and types (direct, indirect)

Role of wholesalers and retailers

Factors influencing choice of distribution channels

7. Money and Banking

Definition and functions of money

Types and characteristics of money

Role of commercial banks and central banks

8. Consumer Protection

Rights and responsibilities of consumers

Government and non-government protection agencies

Consumer-related laws and regulations

9. E-Commerce and Modern Trends

Definition and types of e-commerce

Benefits and challenges of digital commerce

Use of ICT in commerce (mobile money, online marketing)

10. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Meaning and importance

Ethical issues in business (fair trade, sustainability)

Social responsibilities of business to stakeholders in business (fair trade, sustainability)

Social responsibilities of business to stakeholders

ion and importance of ICT

Components of ICT (hardware, software, peopleware)

ICT in different sectors (education, health, business, government)

2. Computer Hardware

Types of computers (desktop, laptop, servers, etc.)

Input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.)

Output devices (monitor, printer, speakers)

Storage devices (HDD, SSD, flash drives)

Central Processing Unit (CPU) functions

3. Computer Software

Types: System software, application software, utility programs

Operating systems: Windows, Linux, macOS

Examples of application software: MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint

4. File Management and Operating Systems

Creating, saving, renaming, copying, moving, and deleting files/folders

Using Windows Explorer or File Manager

Understanding file extensions and storage organization

5. Word Processing (MS Word or similar)

creating, editing, formatting text

Using tables, graphics, headers/footers

Mail merge and printing documents

6. Spreadsheets (MS Excel or similar)

Creating and formatting spreadsheets

Formulas and functions

Charts and graphs

Sorting and filtering data

7. Presentation Software (MS PowerPoint or similar)

Creating and designing slides

Adding text, images, audio, video

Slide transitions and animations

Delivering a presentation

8. Databases (MS Access or similar)

Basic database concepts

Creating tables, forms, queries, and reports

Data entry and retrieval

9. Internet and Email

Internet basics: browsing, search engines, downloads

Creating and managing email accounts

Sending/receiving emails with attachments

Internet safety and ethics

10. ICT and Society

Impact of ICT on society and the workplace

Computer security and cybercrime

Legal and ethical issues in ICT

Emerging technologies (AI, IoT, cloud computing)

1. Introduction to Business Planning

Definition and importance of a business plan

Types of business plans (startup, operational, strategic

Users of a business plan

2. Business Idea Generation

Sources of business ideas

Screening and evaluating business opportunities

Feasibility study (technical, financial, legal, and market feasibility)

3. Executive Summary

Purpose and contents of an executive summary

Tips for writing an effective summary

4. Company Description

Business name and location

Business ownership and legal structure

Vision, mission, and objectives

5. Market Analysis

Industry analysis and trends

Target market and customer profile

Competitor analysis

SWOT analysis

6. Marketing Plan

Marketing objectives

Product/service description

Pricing strategies

Promotion and advertising

Distribution channels

7. Organization and Management

Business structure

Roles and responsibilities of key personnel

Human resource plan

8. Operations Plan

Location and layout

Production or service delivery processes

Suppliers and equipment

Legal and regulatory requirements

9. Financial Plan

Startup capital requirements

Projected income statement

Cash flow forecast

Break-even analysis

Balance sheet projections

10. Business Risk Analysis

Identification of risks (financial, operational, market)

Risk mitigation strategies

11. Implementation and Monitoring

Action plan and timelines

Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

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1. Introduction to Accounting

Definition, objectives, and importance of accounting

Types and users of accounting information

Branches of accounting

Accounting cycle

2. Accounting Principles and Concepts

Business entity concept

Going concern

Consistency

Accrual and matching concept

Prudence, materiality, dual aspect, and historical cost

3. Books of Original Entry

Source documents

Journals (Sales, Purchases, Returns Inwards, Returns Outwards)

Cash book (Single, Two, and Three-column cash books)

Petty cash book and imprest system

4. Ledger Accounts

Types of ledgers (General, Debtors, Creditors)

Posting to ledgers

Balancing ledger accounts

5. Trial Balance

Purpose of trial balance

Preparation and correction of errors

Suspense accounts

6. Adjustments and Final Accounts

Accruals and prepayments

Depreciation (straight-line and reducing balance)

Provision for doubtful debts

Closing stock

Preparation of income statement and balance sheet for sole proprietorship

7. Control Accounts

Debtors control account

Creditors control account

Preparation and uses

8. Accounting for Non-Profit Organizations

Receipts and payments account

Income and expenditure account

Balance sheet

9. Accounting for Partnerships

Formation and features of partnerships

Capital and current accounts

Profit and loss appropriation account

Admission, retirement, and dissolution of partnership

10. Incomplete Records and Single Entry

Features and limitations

Conversion into double-entry

Preparation of statements from incomplete records

Week 1: Introduction to Warehousing

Definition and history

Role in the supply chain

Importance of warehousing in logistics

Week 2: Types of Warehouses

Private, public, bonded, government, distribution centers

Smart/automated warehouses

Week 3: Functions of Warehousing

Storage, protection, financing, value addition

Creating time and place utility

Week 4: Warehouse Operations

Receiving and inspecting goods

Storage methods (racking, shelving, pallets)

Picking, packing, and shipping

Week 5: Inventory Management Basics

Types of inventory

Inventory control systems (FIFO, LIFO, JIT, EOQ)

Stocktaking and inventory accuracy

Week 6: Warehouse Layout and Design

Space utilization

Material handling equipment

Safety and ergonomics

Week 7: Technology in Warehousing

Warehouse Management Systems (WMS)

Barcoding and RFID

Automation and robotics

Week 8: Security and Risk Management

Fire safety, theft prevention, insurance

Legal aspects and compliance

Week 9: Performance Metrics and KPIs

Order accuracy

Inventory turnover

Warehouse efficiency indicators

Week 10: Case Studies & Practical Applications

Real-world examples

Warehouse visit (optional)

Final project or assessment

1. Introduction to Communication

Definition and importance of communication

Elements of communication process

Principles of effective communication

Barriers to effective communication

2. Types of Communication

Verbal and non-verbal communication

Oral communication

Written communication

Visual communication

Electronic communication

3. Listening Skills

Types of listening

Listening barriers

Effective listening techniques

Note-taking methods

4. Oral Communication

Public speaking and presentations

Group discussions and meetings

Interviews and telephone etiquette

Debates and negotiations

5. Written Communication

Characteristics of good writing

Common formats: Letters, memos, emails, reports

Minutes of meetings

Notice, agenda, circulars

6. Non-verbal Communication

Body language (kinesics)

Facial expressions, gestures, posture

Space and distance (proxemics)

Tone and voice modulation

7. Communication in the Workplace

Business communication etiquette

Internal vs. external communication

Customer relations and complaint handling

Communication in teams and organizations

8. Report Writing

Structure and types of reports

Collecting and organizing data

Drafting and revising reports

Use of tables, graphs, and appendices

9. Communication and Technology

Use of email and social media

Online meetings and virtual communication

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools

10. Ethics in Communication

Confidentiality

Cultural sensitivity

Accuracy and honesty

Professionalism